Trace elements play a critical role in ocean functioning. Although the concentration, distribution, and bioavailability of trace metals have changed with the evolution of the oceans, at present, they are found in the ocean at concentrations lower than 0.1 \u03bcmol kg−1. The advent of clean techniques together with advances in analytical procedures and instrumentation, have led to a significant improvement in our understanding of trace metal biogeochemistry in the oceans since the 1970s. At present, any marine study involving environmental samples at trace levels requires the use of clean techniques for sampling, handling, storage, and analysis. This chapter describes the different procedures for trace metal sampling in both surface (i.e., towed-fish and in situ pumping) and deep seawater (i.e., Go-Flo bottles and clean rosette bottles). The use of clean techniques during the preparation of ultraclean sample containers, sampling, handling, storage, preconcentration, and analysis is also described. This chapter also highlights the scarcity of trace metal data in deep ocean waters. This lack of information is a consequence of the special characteristic of the sampling approaches for trace element determination and the necessary application of clean techniques during sampling and handling, which inevitably make the studies of trace metal in chemical oceanography time consuming and tedious.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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